Autoritaire persoonlijkheden: populisme aanhangers?

Thu Jul 18 17:10:22 CEST 2002

REPLY TO: D66 at nic.surfnet.nl

Hallo Aris,

Het was even zoeken maar ik heb het gevonden. Het staat bij het
Forum.......

En ze gebruikten voor de F-schaal dus ook volgens deze passages een
kwantitatieve methode...... :-)

Groet Joris

> REPLY TO: D66 at nic.surfnet.nl
>
> Beste Mensen,
>
> ter aanvulling hiervan heb ik zojuist drie uittreksels van passages over
de
> Frankfurter Schule uit Nederlandse handboeken Politicologie en een
> Amerikaans handboek Politieke Psychologie op de Democraten.nu -website
> gezet.
>
> Bernard Aris
>
> -----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
> Van: Hein van Meeteren [mailto:heinwvm at chello.nl]
> Verzonden: woensdag 17 juli 2002 16:17
> Aan: D66 at NIC.SURFNET.NL
> Onderwerp: Autoritaire persoonlijkheden: populisme aanhangers?
>
>
> REPLY TO: D66 at nic.surfnet.nl
>
> Doorgaand op de vraag van Henk Vreekamp hoe we het eigentijdse populisme
> kunnen verklaren kreeg ik dus de breenweef van de Frankfuter Schule. Met
> name de studies aangaande de Autoritaire Karakters. We kregen vervolgens
een
> bloedeloos kibbelp[artijtje over kwaliteit en kwantiteit, maar eigenlijk
> gaat het hierom: wie volgt nu eigenlijk een Leider? Daarover dus Adorno
et
> al. en hier volgt een excerptje
>
> -----------------------------------------------------------------
>
> What kind of people would follow an aggressive, arrogant, critical,
> prejudiced leader? The classic book on this topic is The Authoritarian
> Personality. These authors (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswick, Levinson &
Sanford,
> 1950) described several traits of authoritarian leaders, like Hitler, and
> their followers, like the German people:
> 1. Rigid, unthinking adherence to conventional, middle-class ideas of
right
> and wrong. The distinction has to be made between (a) incorporating (as
in
> Kohlberg's stage 6--see chapter 3) universal values and (b) having blind
> allegiance to traditional social-political-religious customs or
> organizations. Examples: an egalitarian person who truly values
> one-person-one-vote, equal rights, equal opportunities, and freedom of
> speech will support a democracy, not a dictatorship. A person who says,
"I
> love my country--right or wrong" or "America--love it or leave it" may be
a
> flag-waving, patriotic speech-making politician who is secretly an
> antidemocratic authoritarian (similar in some ways to Hitler). For the
> authoritarian the values of respecting and caring for others are not as
> important as being a "good German" or a "good American" or a "good
Catholic"
> or a "good Baptist."
> Important values to an authoritarian are obedience, cleanliness, success,
> inhibition or denial of emotions (especially anger and even love), firm
> discipline, honoring parents and leaders, and abhorring all immoral
sexual
> feelings. This was the German character. Authoritarian parents tend to
> produce dominated children who become authoritarian parents. Egalitarians
> produce egalitarians.
> 2. Respect for and submission to authority--parents, teachers, religion,
> bosses, or any leader. This includes a desire for a strong leader and for
> followers to revere the leader, following him (seldom her) blindly. It
was
> believed by the psychoanalytic writers of The Authoritarian Personality
that
> recognizing one's hostile feelings towards an authority was so
frightening
> that the authoritarian personality was compelled to be submissive. There
is
> an emphasis on following rules and regulations, on law and order.
Everyone
> has a proper role to play, including gender role.
> 3. They take their anger out on someone safe. In an authoritarian
> environment (family, religion, school, peer group, government), the
> compliant, subservient, unquestioning follower stores up unexpressed
anger
> at the authority. The hostility can't be expressed towards the authority,
> however, so it is displaced to an outsider who is different--a scapegoat.
> Unconsciously, the authoritarian says, "I don't hate my father; I hate
Jews
> (or blacks or unions or management or ambitious women or Communists or
> people on welfare)." The "good cause" to which one is dedicated often
> dictates who to hate, who to be prejudice against.
> 4. They can't trust people. They believe "people who are different are no
> good." If we believe others are as bad or worse than we are, we feel less
> guilt: "Everybody looks out for #1" or "Everybody would cheat if they had
a
> chance." Such a negative view of people leads to the conclusion that
harsh
> laws and a strong police or army are necessary. Also, it leads people to
> foolishly believe that humans would "go wild" and be totally immoral if
they
> lost their religion.
> 5. Because they feel weak, authoritarian personalities believe it is
> important to have a powerful leader and to be part of a powerful group.
> Thus, they relish being in the "strongest nation on earth," the "master
> race," the "world-wide communist movement," "the wealthiest nation," the
> "best corporation," the "best part of town," the "best-looking crowd,"
the
> "best team," etc. The successful, the powerful, the leaders are to be
held
> in awe. And the authoritarian says, "when I get power, I want to be held
in
> awe too. I'll expect respect, just like I demand it from my children."
> 6. Over-simplified thinking. If our great leaders and our enormous
> government tells us what to do, if our God and our religion directs our
> lives, then we don't have to take responsibility for thinking or
deciding.
> We just do what we are told. And, in general, we, "the masses," are given
> simple explanations and told the solutions are simple by authoritarian
> leaders. Examples: "The source of the trouble is lenient parents (or
schools
> or laws)," "God is on our side," "Get rid of the Jews (or Capitalists or
> Communists or blacks or Arabs)." For the authoritarian if things aren't
> simple, they are unknowable, e.g. he/she endorses the statement, "science
> has its place, but there are many important things that can never
possibly
> be understood by the human mind."
> 7. Guard against dangerous ideas. Since the authoritarian already has a
> handle on the truth, he/she opposes new ideas, unconventional solutions,
> creative imaginations. They believe an original thinker is dangerous;
he/she
> will think differently. It's considered good to be suspicious of
> psychologists, writers, and artists who probe your mind and
feelings--such
> people are scary. Governments who observe subversives are OK, though.
> Indeed, censorship of the media may become necessary, especially if the
> media becomes critical of our leaders or sexually provocative. A
> businessperson produces needed products; an intellectual is a threat.
> 8. I'm pure, others are evil. The authoritarian represses his/her
aggressive
> and sexual feelings, then projects those traits on to stereotyped persons
in
> the outgroup (see defense mechanisms in chapter 5). For example, it was
> Larry King's and other white men's dishonesty, laziness, hatred, and
sexual
> urges that got projected to the black man (see quote above). The
> authoritarian, therefore, feels surrounded by people preoccupied with sex
> and/or violence. The psychoanalysts who wrote The Authoritarian
Personality
> say the sexual fears come from an unresolved Oedipus or Electra Complex.
The
> hostility comes from childhood (see #2 & #3 above) too and throughout
their
> lives authoritarians expect criminal acts nearby and terrorists' attacks
> around the world. They become paranoid, believing many people want to
hurt
> them (which justifies their aggression?).
> 9. Ethnocentrism: Everything of mine is better than yours--my country, my
> religion, my kind of people, my family, my self. Research has also shown
the
> authoritarian is more prejudiced and more prone to punish people
(including
> their own children) to get them to work harder or to do "right" (Byrne &
> Kelley, 1981).
> ---------------------
>
> Bron: http://mentalhelp.net/psyhelp/chap7/chap7l.htm
>
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