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<h1 class="reader-title">Key articles on origins of Covid-19,
gain-of-function research and biolabs - U.S. Right to Know</h1>
<div class="credits reader-credits">David A. Relman</div>
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<p>Here is a reading list about what is known and not
known about the origins of SARS-CoV-2, accidents and
leaks at biosafety and biowarfare laboratories, and the
health risks of gain-of-function (GOF) research, which
aims to increase the host range, transmissibility,
infectivity or pathogenicity of potential pandemic
pathogens. For more information about the U.S. Right to
Know investigation into these topics, <a
href="https://usrtk.org/biohazards/" target="_blank"
rel="noopener">see our biohazards page</a>. Please <a
href="https://usrtk.org/sign-up/" target="_blank"
rel="noopener">sign up for our newsletter</a> for
updates.</p>
<p>This reading list is a work in progress. We will update
it. Please send readings we may have missed to Sainath
Suryanarayanan at <a href="mailto:sainath@usrtk.org"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">sainath@usrtk.org</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Topics (drop links)</strong></p>
<h2>Most recent articles</h2>
<p><em>MIT Technology Review</em>. <a
href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/06/29/1027290/gain-of-function-risky-bat-virus-engineering-links-america-to-wuhan/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Inside the
risky bat-virus engineering that links America to
Wuhan</strong></a>. Rowan Jacobsen. June 29, 2021.</p>
<p>Open Letter <a
href="https://jamiemetzl.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Letter-4-Draft-1.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Calling for a
Comprehensive Investigation of the Origin of
SARS-CoV-2</strong></a>. Jamie Metzl et al. June 28,
2021.</p>
<p><em>The New York Times</em>. <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/25/opinion/coronavirus-lab.html?referringSource=articleShare"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Where Did the
Coronavirus Come From? What We Already Know Is
Troubling</strong></a>. Zeynep Tufekci. June 25,
2021.</p>
<p><em>Wall Street Journal</em>. <a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-gene-data-that-could-have-aided-research-on-early-epidemic-removed-from-database-11624472105"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Chinese
Covid-19 Gene Data That Could Have Aided Pandemic
Research Removed From NIH Database</strong></a>. Amy
Markus, Betsy McKay and Drew Hinshaw. June 23, 2021.</p>
<p><em>bioRxiv</em>. <a
href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.18.449051v1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Recovery of
deleted deep sequencing data sheds more light on the
early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic</strong></a>. Jesse
Bloom. June 22, 2021. doi: <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.18.449051">https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.18.449051</a></p>
<p><em>USA Today</em>. <a
href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2021/06/17/covid-19-fauci-lab-leaks-wuhan-china-origins/7737494002/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>‘I remember it
very well’: Dr. Fauci describes a secret 2020
meeting to talk about COVID origins</strong></a>.
Alison Young. June 17, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Poynter</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.poynter.org/ethics-trust/2021/what-we-can-learn-from-the-medias-dismissal-of-the-wuhan-lab-theory/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener">What we can learn
from the media’s dismissal of the Wuhan lab theory</a></strong>.
Alan Miller. June 17, 2021.</p>
<p><em>The New York Times</em>. <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/14/science/covid-lab-leak-fauci-kristian-andersen.html?smid=tw-share"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scientist Opens
Up About His Early Email to Fauci on Virus Origins</strong></a>.
James Gorman and Carl Zimmer. June 14, 2021.</p>
<p><em>The New York Times</em>. <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/14/world/asia/china-wuhan-lab-leak.html?referringSource=articleShare"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>China’s ‘Bat
Woman,’ at the Center of a Pandemic Storm, Speaks
Out</strong></a>. Amy Qin and Chris Buckley. June
14, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Axios</em>. <a
href="https://www.axios.com/covid-lab-leak-virus-experiment-scrutiny-6d903611-feef-4253-a5ea-98d154c6e356.html"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lab risks face
scrutiny amid COVID origins controversy</strong></a>.
Alison Snyder and Bryan Walsh. June 10, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Nature Scientific Reports</em>. <a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-91470-2"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Animal sales
from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the
COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a>. Xiao Xiao et al.
June 7, 2021. <em>Sci Rep</em> 11, 11898 (2021). <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91470-2">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91470-2</a></p>
<p><em>The Washington Post</em>. <a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-science-suggests-a-wuhan-lab-leak-11622995184"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Science
Suggests a Wuhan Lab Leak</strong></a>. Steven Quay
and Richard Muller. June 6, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Wall Street Journal</em>. <a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/fauci-email-bolsters-the-lab-leak-theory-11622830092"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Fauci Email
Bolsters the Lab-Leak Theory</strong></a>. Nicholas
Wade. June 4, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Financial Times</em>. <a
href="https://www.ft.com/content/a0badd5d-4d88-4a3b-b019-61c6d8275caa"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Scientists fear
future leaks as top-level labs proliferate</strong></a>.
Kiran Stacey, Helen Warrell, Yuan Yang. June 4, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Medium</em>. <a
href="https://yurideigin.medium.com/response-of-dr-d0bd494847a5"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Response of Dr.
Kristian G. Andersen to questions relating to his
email to Dr. Fauci recently released under FOIA</strong></a>.
Yuri Deigin. June 3, 2021.</p>
<p><em>The Washington Post</em>. <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-bats-china-wuhan/2021/06/02/772ef984-beb2-11eb-922a-c40c9774bc48_story.html"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A scientist
adventurer and China’s ‘Bat Woman’ are under
scrutiny as coronavirus lab-leak theory gets another
look</strong></a>. Eva Duo and Lily Kuo. June 3,
2021.</p>
<p><em>Vanity Fair. </em><a
href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2021/06/the-lab-leak-theory-inside-the-fight-to-uncover-covid-19s-origins"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Lab-Leak
Theory: Inside the Fight to Uncover COVID-19’s
Origins.</strong></a> Katherine Eban. June 3, 2021.</p>
<p><em>The Washington Post</em>. <a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/25/timeline-how-wuhan-lab-leak-theory-suddenly-became-credible/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Timeline: How
the Wuhan lab-leak theory suddenly became credible</strong></a>.
Glenn Kessler. May 25, 2021.</p>
<h2>What are the origins of SARS-CoV-2?</h2>
<p>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. <a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2021/05/the-origin-of-covid-did-people-or-nature-open-pandoras-box-at-wuhan/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The origin of
COVID: Did people or nature open Pandora’s box at
Wuhan?</strong></a> Nicholas Wade. May 5, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>.
<a
href="https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/11/03/2021133117"><strong>To
stop the next pandemic, we need to unravel the
origins of COVID-19</strong></a>. . November 3,
2020.</p>
<p><em>Medium</em>. <a
href="https://donaldgmcneiljr1954.medium.com/how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-the-lab-leak-theory-f4f88446b04d"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>How I Learned
to Stop Worrying And Love the Lab-Leak Theory</strong></a>.
Donald G. McNeil Jr. May 17, 2021.</p>
<p><i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. </i><strong><a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2020/06/did-the-sars-cov-2-virus-arise-from-a-bat-coronavirus-research-program-in-a-chinese-laboratory-very-possibly/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Did the
SARS-CoV-2 virus arise from a bat coronavirus
research program in a Chinese laboratory? Very
possibly</a></strong>. Milton Leitenberg. June 4,
2020.</p>
<p><em>Wall Street Journal</em>. <a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/intelligence-on-sick-staff-at-wuhan-lab-fuels-debate-on-covid-19-origin-11621796228"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Intelligence on
Sick Staff at Wuhan Lab Fuels Debate On Covid-19
Origin</strong></a>. Michael Gordon, Warren Strobel
and Drew Hinshaw. May 23, 2021.</p>
<p><em>USA Today</em>. <a
href="https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/opinion/2021/03/22/why-covid-lab-leak-theory-wuhan-shouldnt-dismissed-column/4765985001/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Could an
accident have caused COVID-19? Why the Wuhan
lab-leak theory shouldn’t be dismissed</strong></a>.
Alison Young. March 22, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Science</em>. <a
href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6543/694.1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Investigate the
Origins of COVID-19</strong></a>. Jesse Bloom et al.
May 14, 2021. DOI: 10.1126/science.abj0016</p>
<p><em>Politico</em>. <a
href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/03/08/josh-rogin-chaos-under-heaven-wuhan-lab-book-excerpt-474322"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>In 2018,
Diplomats Warned of Risky Coronavirus Experiments in
a Wuhan Lab. No One Listened</strong></a>. Josh
Rogin. March 8, 2021.</p>
<p><em>The Telegraph</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2021/02/06/did-covid-19-virus-really-escape-wuhan-lab/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener">Did the Covid-19
virus really escape from a Wuhan lab?</a> </strong>Matt
Ridley and Alina Chan. February 6, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Wall Street Journal. </em><strong><a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-needs-a-real-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19-11610728316"
target="_blank" rel="noopener">The World Needs a
Real Investigation into the Origins of Covid-19</a></strong><em>.
</em>Alina Chan and Matt Ridley. January 15, 2021.</p>
<p><em>New York Magazine</em>. <a
href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/coronavirus-lab-escape-theory.html"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>The lab-leak
hypothesis</b></a>. Nicholson Baker. January 4,
2021.</p>
<p><em>The Washington Post</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/03/09/biden-administration-confirms-some-trump-wuhan-lab-claims/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener">Opinion: The Biden
administration confirms some but not all of Trump’s
Wuhan lab claims</a></strong>. Josh Rogin. March 9,
2021.</p>
<p><em>Wall Street Journal</em>. <a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/wuhan-lab-leak-question-chinese-mine-covid-pandemic-11621871125"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The Wuhan Lab
Leak Question: A Disused Chinese Mine Takes Center
Stage</strong></a>. Jeremy Page, Betsy McKay and
Drew Hinshaw. May 24, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Current Affairs</em>. <a
href="https://www.currentaffairs.org/2021/05/the-stakes-of-finding-covid-19s-origins"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The stakes of
finding COVID-19’s origins</strong></a>. Nathan J.
Robinson. May 19, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Newsweek. </em><a
href="https://www.newsweek.com/beijing-must-come-clean-about-covid-19-origins-opinion-1563524"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Beijing Must
Come Clean About COVID-19 Origins | Opinion</strong></a>.
Jamie Metzl. January 22, 2021</p>
<p>Letter from U.S. Senators Johnson, Paul, Lankford,
Scott and Cotton to <a
href="https://www.ronjohnson.senate.gov/services/files/DD184FFD-F00A-4AB1-A985-2CE26681D47F"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>NIH Director Francis
Collins seeking information about the NIH’s actions
on gain of function research</b></a>. May 20, 2021.</p>
<p>U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and
Commerce, minority staff letters to: (1) <a
href="https://republicans-energycommerce.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/5.6.21-Letter-to-Secretary-Blinken.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Secretary of
State Antony Blinken seeking the release of
unclassified documents related to the origins of the
Covid-19 pandemic</strong></a>, May 6, 2021. (2) <a
href="https://republicans-energycommerce.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/EcoHealth-Alliance-Letter.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>EcoHealth
Alliance President Peter Daszak seeking information
and documents related to the origins of the Covid-19
pandemic</strong></a>, April 16, 2021. (3) <a
href="https://republicans-energycommerce.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/NIH-Investigation-COVID-origins.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>NIH Director
Francis Collins seeking to advance an independent,
scientific investigation into the origins of the
COVID-19 pandemic</strong></a>, March 18, 2021.</p>
<p>Open Letters: (1) <a
href="http://www.filippalentzos.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Open-Letter-to-the-World-Health-Organization-and-the-Members-of-its-Executive-Board-1.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>To the World
Health Organization and the Members of its Executive
Board</strong></a>. April 30, 2021. (2) <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/04/07/science/virus-inquiries-pandemic-origins.html?referringSource=articleShare"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Call for full
investigation into the origins of Covid-19</strong></a>.
April 7, 2021. (3) <a
href="https://s.wsj.net/public/resources/documents/COVID%20OPEN%20LETTER%20FINAL%20030421%20(1).pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Call for a Full
and Unrestricted International Forensic
Investigation into the Origins of COVID-19</strong></a>.
March 4, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Wall Street Journal</em>. <a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-are-the-covid-investigators-11613401955"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Who Are the
Covid Investigators? Members of a WHO origin probe
have conflicts of interest</strong></a>. The
Editorial Board. February 15, 2021.</p>
<p><em><i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.</i></em><a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2021/02/who-covid-19-didnt-leak-from-a-lab-also-who-maybe-it-did/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO: COVID-19
didn’t leak from a lab. Also WHO: Maybe it did</strong></a>.
Filipa Lentzos. February 11, 2021<em>.</em></p>
<p><em>The Washington Post. </em><a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/03/29/wuhan-covid-lab-accident-investigation-who/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Opinion: The
WHO covid report is fatally flawed, and a real
investigation has yet to take place</strong></a>.
Josh Rogin. March 29, 2021.</p>
<p><em>The Washington Post. </em><a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/03/11/biosecurity-covid19-laboratories-wuhan/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Opinion: The
world still hasn’t figured out how to regulate
research into deadly viruses</strong></a>. Brian
Klaas. March 11, 2021.</p>
<p><em>The Washington Post. </em><a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/coronavirus-who-china-investigation-wuhan/2021/02/09/2af3c44c-6a79-11eb-a66e-e27046e9e898_story.html"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>After Wuhan
mission on pandemic origins, WHO team dismisses lab
leak theory</strong></a>. Gerry Shih and Emily
Rauhala. February 9, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Wall Street Journal</em>. <a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/who-investigators-to-scrap-interim-report-on-probe-of-covid-19-origins-11614865067?st=fqani3zgeoun5jh&reflink=share_mobilewebshare"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO
Investigators to Scrap Plans for Interim Report on
Probe of Covid-19 Origins</strong></a>. Betsy McKay,
Drew Hinshaw and Jeremy Page. March 4, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Undark. </em><a
href="https://undark.org/2021/03/17/lab-leak-science-lost-in-politics/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Lab Leak: A
Scientific Debate Mired in Politics– and Unresolved</strong></a>.
Charles Schmidt. March 17, 2021.</p>
<p><em>CBS</em>. <a
href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-wuhan-origins-60-minutes-2021-03-28/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>What happened
in Wuhan? Why questions still linger on the origin
of the coronavirus</strong></a>. Lesley Stahl. March
28, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Nature Medicine.</em> <a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-01205-5"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>On the origins
of SARS-CoV-2</strong></a>. Angela Rasmussen.
January 13, 2021.</p>
<p><i>The Washington Post. </i><a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/14/state-department-cables-warned-safety-issues-wuhan-lab-studying-bat-coronaviruses/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>State
Department cables warned of safety issues at Wuhan
lab studying bat coronaviruses</strong>.</a> Josh
Rogin. April 14, 2020.</p>
<p><i><em>BBC. </em></i><a
href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55364445"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Covid: Wuhan
scientist would ‘welcome’ visit probing lab leak
theory</strong></a>. John Sudworth. December 22,
2020<i>.</i></p>
<p><i>Houston Chronicle</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/UTMB-scientist-acknowledges-safety-risks-at-15221826.php"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">UTMB
scientist acknowledges safety risks at Chinese lab
doing coronavirus research</a></strong>. Nick
Powell. April 23, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/nih-presses-u-s-nonprofit-for-information-on-wuhan-virology-lab-11597829400"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">NIH
presses U.S. nonprofit for information on Wuhan
virology lab</a></strong>. Betsy McKay. August 19,
2020. <span> </span></p>
<p><i>The Wall Street Journal. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/so-where-did-the-virus-come-from-11590756909"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">So where
did the virus come from?</a></strong> Matt Ridley.
May 29, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p>French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).
<a
href="https://news.cnrs.fr/articles/the-origin-of-sars-cov-2-is-being-seriously-questioned"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>The
origin of SARS-CoV-2 is being seriously questioned</strong></a>.
Yaroslav Pigenet. November 9, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The Times</i>. <a
href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-did-covid-19-start-hunt-for-patient-zero-has-become-caught-in-a-clash-of-great-powers-hzmgmj0x9"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>How did Covid-19
start? Hunt for patient zero has become caught in a
clash of great powers</b></a>. Tom Whipple. December
31, 2020.</p>
<p><em>CNET</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.cnet.com/features/the-hunt-for-covid-19s-origin-and-the-lab-leak-theory/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener">The twisted, messy
hunt for COVID-19’s origin and the lab leak theory</a></strong><em>.
</em>Jackson Ryan. January 19, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Newsweek</em>. <a
href="https://www.newsweek.com/humans-not-animals-likely-took-covid-virus-wuhan-contrary-chinas-claims-1578861"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Humans, Not
Animals, Likely Took the COVID Virus to Wuhan,
Contrary to China’s Claims</strong></a>. Rowan
Jacobsen. March 25, 2021.</p>
<p><i>Boston Magazine</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.bostonmagazine.com/news/2020/09/09/alina-chan-broad-institute-coronavirus/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Could
COVID-19 have escaped from a lab?</a></strong> Rowan
Jacobsen. September 9, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><em>Nature</em>. <a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01541-z"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>The
biggest mystery: what it will take to trace the
coronavirus source</strong></a>. David Cyranoski.
June 5, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The Washington Post</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/state-department-releases-cable-that-launched-claims-that-coronavirus-escaped-from-chinese-lab/2020/07/17/63deae58-c861-11ea-a9d3-74640f25b953_story.html"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">State
Department releases cable that launched claims that
coronavirus escaped from Chinese lab</a>.</strong>
John Hudson and Nate Jones. July 17, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>NBC News</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/report-says-cellphone-data-suggests-october-shutdown-wuhan-lab-experts-n1202716"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Report
says cellphone data suggests October shutdown at
Wuhan lab, but experts are skeptical</a></strong>.
Ken Dilanian, Ruaridh Arrow, Courtney Kube, Carol E.
Lee, Louise Jones and Lorand Bodo. May 9, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>The Times</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/seven-year-covid-trail-revealed-l5vxt7jqp"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Revealed:
Seven year coronavirus trail from mine deaths to a
Wuhan lab</a></strong>. George Arbuthnott, Jonathan
Calvert, and Philip Sherwell. July 4, 2020.</p>
<p><em>South China Morning Post</em><em>. </em><a
href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3113952/whos-coronavirus-detectives-look-wuhan-market"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>WHO’s
coronavirus detectives look to Wuhan market as
undisclosed map surfaces</strong></a>. John Power
and Simone McCarthy. December 15, 2020.</p>
<p><i>BBC</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.bbc.com/news/extra/ewsu2giezk/city-of-silence-china-wuhan"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wuhan:
City of silence; Looking for answers in the place
where coronavirus started</a></strong>. John
Sudworth. July 2020.</p>
<p><em>The New York Times</em>. <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/02/world/who-china-coronavirus.html?smid=tw-share"><strong>In
Hunt for Virus Source, W.H.O. Let China Take Charge</strong></a>.
<span>Selam Gebrekidan</span>, <span>Matt Apuzzo</span>,
<span>Amy Qin</span> and <span>Javier C. Hernández</span>.
November 2, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-intelligence-agencies-say-coronavirus-originated-in-china-wasnt-man-madeor-genetically-modified-11588260228"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">In rare
move, U.S. intelligence agencies confirm
investigating if coronavirus emerged from lab
accident</a></strong>. Warren P. Strobel and Dustin
Volz. April 30, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The Guardian</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/09/conspiracies-covid-19-lab-false-pandemic"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ignore the
conspiracy theories: Scientists know Covid-19 wasn’t
created in a lab</a></strong>. Peter Daszak. June 9,
2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a
href="https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/coronavirus/scientists-say-covid19-cooked-up-in-lab/news-story/242c5f9fd14f162dea67f166bcabd985"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>Scientists say
COVID-19 may have been cooked up in lab</b></a>.
Sharri Markson. June 1, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Science. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/trump-owes-us-apology-chinese-scientist-center-covid-19-origin-theories-speaks-out"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Trump
‘owes us an apology.’ Chinese scientist at the
center of COVID-19 origin theories speaks out</a></strong>.
Jon Cohen. July 24, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Science. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/Shi%20Zhengli%20Q&A.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Reply to
Science Magazine: Shi Zhengli Q&A</a>.</strong>
Shi Zhengli. July 15, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Minerva</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.minervanett.no/alina-chan-coronavirus-covid19/contradicting-statements-cast-doubts-on-chinese-raw-data/364540"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Contradicting
statements cast doubts on Chinese raw data</a>.</strong>
Aksel Fridstrøm. September 10, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Minerva</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.minervanett.no/corona/the-most-logical-explanation-is-that-it-comes-from-a-laboratory/361860"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The most
logical explanation is that it comes from a
laboratory</a>.</strong> Aksel Fridstrøm and Nils
August Andresen. July 2, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Independent Science News</i>. <a
href="https://www.independentsciencenews.org/commentaries/a-chinese-phd-thesis-sheds-important-new-light-on-the-origin-of-the-covid-19-coronavirus/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>A Chinese PhD
Thesis Sheds Important New Light On The Origin of
the COVID-19</strong></a>. Jonathan Latham and
Allison Wilson. May 11, 2021.</p>
<p><i>Independent Science News</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.independentsciencenews.org/health/the-case-is-building-that-covid-19-had-a-lab-origin/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The case
is building that COVID-19 had a lab origin</a></strong>.
Jonathan Latham and Allison Wilson. June 5, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Independent Science News</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.independentsciencenews.org/commentaries/a-proposed-origin-for-sars-cov-2-and-the-covid-19-pandemic/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">A proposed
origin for SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic</a></strong>.
Jonathan Latham and Allison Wilson. July 15, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Sam Husseini Blog</i>. <strong><a
href="https://husseini.posthaven.com/questioning-the-cdc-is-it-a-complete-coincidence-that-chinas-only-bsl4-is-in-wuhan"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Questioning
the CDC: Is it a complete coincidence that China’s
only BSL4 is in Wuhan? Audio and video</a></strong>.
Sam Husseini. April 17, 2020.</p>
<p><i>GMWatch</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.gmwatch.org/en/news/latest-news/19403-wuhan-and-us-scientists-used-undetectable-methods-of-genetic-engineering-on-bat-coronaviruses"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Wuhan and
US scientists used undetectable methods of genetic
engineering on bat coronaviruses.</a></strong>
Jonathan Matthews and Claire Robinson. May 20, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Corporate Crime Reporter</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.corporatecrimereporter.com/news/200/andrew-kimbrell-on-the-origins-of-covid-19/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Andrew
Kimbrell on the origins of COVID-19</a></strong>.
Russell Mokhiber. August 11, 2020.</p>
<p><i>GMWatch. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.gmwatch.org/en/news/latest-news/19383-where-did-the-covid-19-virus-come-from"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Was the
COVID-19 virus genetically engineered?</a></strong>
Jonathan Matthews. April 22, 2020.</p>
<p><i>GMWatch. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.gmwatch.org/en/news/latest-news/19437"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Why are
the lab escape denialists telling such brazen lies?</a></strong>
Jonathan Matthews. June 17, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><em>The Intercept</em>. <a
href="https://theintercept.com/2020/05/19/coronavirus-pandemic-origin-trump-china/"><strong>In
Its Zeal to Blame China for Coronavirus, the Trump
Administration Is Thwarting Investigations Into the
Pandemic’s Origins</strong></a>. <span
data-reactid="192">Mara Hvisten</span><span
data-reactid="192">dahl</span>. May 19, 2020.</p>
<p><em>South China Morning Post</em>. <a
href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3111314/who-names-line-international-team-looking-coronavirus-origins"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>WHO
names line-up for international team looking into
coronavirus origins</strong></a>. Simone McCarthy.
November 25, 2020.</p>
<h2>Transparency failures and the suppression of evidence
regarding COVID-19</h2>
<p><i>Associated Press</i>. <a
href="https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-coronavirus-pandemic-china-only-on-ap-bats-24fbadc58cee3a40bca2ddf7a14d2955?utm_medium=AP&utm_campaign=SocialFlow&utm_source=Twitter"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>China clamps down in
hidden hunt for coronavirus origins</b></a>. Dake
Kang, Maria Cheng And Sam McNeil. December 30, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The Wall Street Journal. </i><a
href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-stalls-global-search-for-coronavirus-origins-wuhan-markets-investigation-11589300842"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>On the ground in
Wuhan, signs of China stalling probe of coronavirus
origins</b></a>. Jeremy Page and Natasha Khan. May
12, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The New York Times</i>. <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/30/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>25 Days That Changed
the World: How Covid-19 Slipped China’s Grasp</b></a>.
Chris Buckley, David D. Kirkpatrick, Amy Qin and Javier
C. Hernández. December 30, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The New York Times.</i> <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/28/world/asia/china-Zhang-Zhan-covid-convicted.html?smid=tw-nytimes&smtyp=cur"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>Chinese Citizen
Journalist Sentenced to 4 Years for Covid Reporting</b></a>.
Vivian Wang. December 28, 2020.</p>
<p><i>ProPublica</i>. <a
href="https://www.propublica.org/article/leaked-documents-show-how-chinas-army-of-paid-internet-trolls-helped-censor-the-coronavirus"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>Leaked Documents
Show How China’s Army of Paid Internet Trolls Helped
Censor the Coronavirus</b></a>. Raymond Zhong, Paul
Mozur, Aaron Krolik and Jeff Kao. December 19, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The New York Times</i>. <a
href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/06/world/china-peddles-falsehoods-to-push-the-idea-that-the-virus-came-from-somewhere-else.html"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>China peddles
falsehoods to push the idea that the virus came from
somewhere else</b></a>. Javier C. Hernández.
December 6, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Bloomberg</i>. <a
href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-30/china-is-making-it-harder-to-solve-the-mystery-of-how-covid-began"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>China Is Making It
Harder to Solve the Mystery of How Covid Began</b></a>.
December 30, 2020.</p>
<p><em>Financial Times</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.ft.com/content/edda14d0-145b-42e4-a1d2-4d64ab73bda1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Chinese
media step up campaign to muddy probe into Covid
origins</a></strong>. Christian Shepherd. November
26, 2020.</p>
<p><i>GMWatch. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.gmwatch.org/en/news/latest-news/19475-journals-censor-lab-origin-theory-for-sars-cov-2"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Journals
censor lab origin theory for SARS-CoV-2</a>.</strong>
Claire Robinson. July 16, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Sky News Australia</i>. <a
href="https://www.skynews.com.au/details/_6211530128001"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>Released emails
reveal ‘no truth or transparency’ in letter
regarding origin of COVID-19</b></a>. Sharri
Markson. November 22, 2020.</p>
<h2><b>Accidents, leaks, containment failures,
transparency failures in biosafety facilities</b></h2>
<p><i>The New Yorker. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/the-risks-of-building-too-many-bio-labs"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The risks
of building too many bio labs</a></strong>.
Elisabeth Eaves. March 18, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.</em> <strong><a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2019/02/human-error-in-high-biocontainment-labs-a-likely-pandemic-threat/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Human
error in high-biocontainment labs: a likely pandemic
threat</a></strong>. Lynn Klotz. February 25, 2019.<span> </span></p>
<p><em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.</em> <a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2019/08/is-there-a-role-for-the-biological-weapons-convention-in-oversight-of-lab-created-potential-pandemic-pathogens/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Is there a role
for the Biological Weapons Convention in oversight
of lab-created potential pandemic pathogens?</strong></a>
Lynn Klotz. August 27, 2019.</p>
<p><em>King’s College London. </em><a
href="https://static1.squarespace.com/static/6048d7a0e9652c472e619f6f/t/60ae71cea2219b008f29d4ca/1622045135314/Mapping+BSL4+Labs+Globally+EMBARGOED+until+27+May+2021+1800+CET.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Mapping Maximum
Biological Containment Labs Globally</strong></a>.
Filipa Lentzos and Gregory Koblentz. May 2021.</p>
<p><em>James Martin Center for Nonproliferation</em> <em>Studies</em>.
<a
href="https://nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Investigating-Outbreaks.pdf"><strong>A
Guide to Investigating Outbreak Origins: Nature
versus the Laboratory</strong></a>. Richard Pilch,
Miles Pomper, Jill Luster, and Filippa Lentzos. October
2020.</p>
<p><i>ProPublica. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.propublica.org/article/here-are-six-accidents-unc-researchers-had-with-lab-created-coronaviruses"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Here are
six accidents UNC researchers had with lab-created
coronaviruses</a></strong>. Alison Young and Jessica
Blake. August 17, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>CBC</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/canadian-scientist-sent-deadly-viruses-to-wuhan-lab-months-before-rcmp-asked-to-investigate-1.5609582"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Canadian
scientist sent deadly viruses to Wuhan lab months
before RCMP asked to investigate</a>.</strong> June
16, 2020.</p>
<p><i>The Frederick News-Post</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/politics_and_government/military/cdc-inspection-findings-reveal-more-about-usamriid-research-suspension/article_6d1d316e-4989-5307-924c-8608c25ef6f7.html"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CDC
inspection findings reveal more about USAMRIID
research suspension</a>.</strong> Heather Mongilio.
November 23, 2019.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and
U.S. Department of Agriculture</i>. <strong><a
href="https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/fredericknewspost.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/8/8f/88f15941-32e8-58bf-b81b-7feac7f3b435/5dd9c1ee8ba15.pdf.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">U.S. Army
Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
(USAMRIID): description of inspection findings
definitions</a></strong>. August 2019.</p>
<p><i>U.S. Government Accountability Office.</i> <strong><a
href="https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-16-305"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">High-containment
laboratories: Comprehensive and up-to-date policies
and stronger oversight mechanisms needed to improve
safety</a></strong>. April 19, 2016. GAO-16-305.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>USA Today. </i><strong><a
href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/05/29/some-recent-us-lab-incidents/25258237/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10
incidents discovered at the nation’s biolabs</a></strong>.
Alison Young and Nick Penzenstadler. May 29, 2015.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. </i><strong><a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2014/03/threatened-pandemics-and-laboratory-escapes-self-fulfilling-prophecies/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Threatened
pandemics and laboratory escapes: self-fulfilling
prophecies</a>.</strong> Martin Furmanski. March 31,
2014.</p>
<p><em>Center for Arms Control and Nonproliferation</em>.
<strong><a
href="https://armscontrolcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Escaped-Viruses-final-2-17-14-copy.pdf">Laboratory
Escapes and “Self-fulfilling prophecy” Epidemics</a></strong>.
Martin Furmanski. February 17, 2014.</p>
<p><i>National Research Council</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/13315/biosecurity-challenges-of-the-global-expansion-of-high-containment-biological-laboratories"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Biosecurity
challenges of the global expansion of
high-containment biological laboratories: summary of
a workshop</a></strong>. 2012. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press. <a
href="https://doi.org/10.17226/13315" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.17226/13315</a><span> </span></p>
<p>US House of Representatives. Committee on Energy and
Commerce. <strong><a
href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg74099/html/CHRG-111hhrg74099.htm"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Hearing on
germs, viruses, and secrets: the silent
proliferation of bio-laboratories in the United
States, 110<sup>th</sup> Congress</a>.</strong>
October 4, 2007.</p>
<p>US House of Representatives. Committee on Energy and
Commerce. <a
href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg74099/html/CHRG-111hhrg74099.htm"><strong>Hearing
on Federal Oversight Of High-Containment
Biolaboratories, One Hundred Eleventh Congress</strong></a>.
September 22, 2009.</p>
<p><i>BMJ. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC416634/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Breaches
of safety regulations are probable cause of recent
SARS outbreak, WHO says</a>.</strong> Jane Parry.
May 22, 2004. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7450.1222-b</p>
<p><em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.</em> <a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2016/06/who-isnt-equipped-for-a-pandemic-or-bioterror-attack-the-who/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Who isn’t
equipped for a pandemic or bioterror attack? The WHO</strong></a>.
Annie Sparrow. June 20, 2016.</p>
<p><i>Independent Science News.</i> <strong><a
href="https://www.independentsciencenews.org/health/the-long-history-of-accidental-laboratory-releases-of-potential-pandemic-pathogens/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The long
history of accidental laboratory releases of
potential pandemic pathogens is being ignored in the
COVID-19 media coverage</a>.</strong> Sam Husseini.
May 5, 2020.</p>
<p><i>GMWatch. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.gmwatch.org/en/news/latest-news/19377-covid-19-a-wake-up-call-for-biosafety"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">COVID-19:
A wake-up call for biosafety</a>.</strong> Jonathan
Matthews. April 24, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>USA Today</i>.<i> </i><strong><a
href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/06/23/undisclosed-cdc-lab-incidents/86305700/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">CDC failed
to disclose lab incidents with bioterror pathogens
to Congress</a></strong>. Alison Young. June 24,
2016.</p>
<p><i>Global Times. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1179747.shtml"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Biosafety
guideline issued to fix chronic management loopholes
at virus labs</a>.</strong> Liu Caiyu and Leng
Shumei. February 16, 2020.</p>
<p><i>CBS News</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/american-company-metabiota-problems-during-ebola-outbreak/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Investigation:
U.S. company bungled Ebola response</a></strong>.
The Associated Press. March 7, 2016.<span> </span></p>
<p><em>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.</em> <a
href="https://thebulletin.org/2012/08/the-unacceptable-risks-of-a-man-made-pandemic/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The
unacceptable risks of a man-made pandemic</strong></a>.
Lynn Klotz and Edward Sylvester. August 7, 2012.</p>
<h2>Networks of biodefense and biowarfare<span> </span></h2>
<p><i>Salon. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.salon.com/2020/04/24/did-this-virus-come-from-a-lab-maybe-not--but-it-exposes-the-threat-of-a-biowarfare-arms-race/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Did this
virus come from a lab? Maybe not — but it exposes
the threat of a biowarfare arms race</a></strong>.
Sam Husseini. April 24, 2020.</p>
<p><i><em>Independent Science News</em>. </i><a
href="https://www.independentsciencenews.org/news/peter-daszaks-ecohealth-alliance-has-hidden-almost-40-million-in-pentagon-funding/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Peter Daszak’s
EcoHealth Alliance Has Hidden Almost $40 Million In
Pentagon Funding And Militarized Pandemic Science</strong></a>.
Sam Husseini. December 16, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Sam Husseini Blog</i>. <strong><a
href="https://husseini.posthaven.com/averting-our-gaze-from-biowarfare-pandemics-and-self-fulfilling-prophecies"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Averting
our gaze from biowarfare: pandemics and
self-fulfilling prophecies</a></strong>. Sam
Husseini. May 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>The Boston Globe. </i><strong><a
href="http://archive.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/02/23/the_lure_of_bio_weapons/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The lure
of bio-weapons</a>.</strong> Bernard Lown and
Prasannan Parthasarathi. February 23, 2005.<span> </span></p>
<p><em>Monterey Institute of International Studies.</em> <strong><a
href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/116358/2007-08-beijing_on_biohazards.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Beijing on
biohazards: Chinese experts on bioweapons
nonproliferation issues</a>.</strong> Amy E.
Smithson, Editor. August 2007. The James Martin Center
For Nonproliferation Studies.</p>
<p><i>Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons since 1945.</i>
Mark Wheelis, Lajos Rózsa, and Malcolm Dando (Editors).
Harvard University Press,<i> </i>2006.</p>
<p><i>Biowarfare and Terrorism</i>. Francis Boyle. 2005.
Clarity Press, Inc.</p>
<p><i>Preventing a Biological Arms Race</i>. Susan Wright
(Editor). The MIT Press,<i> </i>1990.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Biohazard</i>. Ken Alibek with Stephen Handelman.
Random House: New York, 1999.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>The National Academies Press. </i><strong><a
href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=21666"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Potential
risks and benefits of gain-of-function research:
summary of a workshop</a>.</strong> 2015.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Forbes</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2014/10/20/should-we-allow-scientists-to-create-dangerous-super-viruses/#2f7870c155e7"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Should we
allow scientists to create dangerous super-viruses?</a></strong>
Steven Salzberg. October 20, 2014.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>The Cambridge Working Group</i>. <strong><a
href="http://www.cambridgeworkinggroup.org/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cambridge
Working Group consensus statement on the creation of
potential pandemic pathogens (PPPs)</a></strong>.
July 14, 2014.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>mBio. </i><strong><a
href="https://mbio.asm.org/content/5/5/e02008-14/article-info"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Can
limited scientific value of potential pandemic
pathogen experiments justify the risks?</a></strong>
Marc Lipsitch. October 14, 2014. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02008-14"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02008-14</a><span> </span></p>
<p><em>mBio</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484390/">Research
on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Virus: The Way
Forward</a></strong>. Anthony S. Fauci.
September-October 2012, 3(5): e00359-12. doi:
10.1128/mBio.00359-12</p>
<p><i>PLoS Medicine</i>. <strong><a
href="https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001646"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ethical
alternatives to experiments with novel potential
pandemic pathogens</a></strong>. Marc Lipsitch and
Alison Galvani. 2014. 11(5): e1001646. doi:
10.1371/journal.pmed.1001646 <span> </span></p>
<h2><b>Scientific papers on the origins of SARS-CoV-2</b></h2>
<p><i>Nature Scientific Reports</i>. <a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-92388-5"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>In silico
comparison of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-ACE2 binding
affinities across species and implications for virus
origin</strong></a>. Sakshi Piplani, Puneet Kumar
Singh, David A. Winkler, Nikolai Petrovsky. June 24,
2021.<span> doi: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92388-5">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92388-5</a>
</span></p>
<p><em>In Vivo</em>. <a
href="https://iv.iiarjournals.org/content/35/3/1313"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>On the Origin
of SARS-CoV-2: Did Cell Culture Experiments Lead to
Increased Virulence of the Progenitor Virus for
Humans?</strong></a> Bernd Kaina. May 2021, 35 (3)
1313-1326; DOI: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12384">https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.12384</a></p>
<p><em>Antiviral Research</em>. <a
href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166354220300528?via%3Dihub"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The spike
glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV
contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of
the same clade</strong></a>. Bruno Coutard et al.
February 10, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742</p>
<p><em>Preprint. </em> <a
href="https://img-prod.tgcom24.mediaset.it/images/2020/02/16/114720192-5eb8307f-017c-4075-a697-348628da0204.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The possible
origins of 2019-nCoV coronavirus</strong></a>. Botao
Xiao. February 2020. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.21799.29601</p>
<p><em>Infectious Diseases & Immunity. </em><a
href="https://journals.lww.com/idi/Fulltext/2021/04000/Origins_of_SARS_CoV_2__Focusing_on_Science.2.aspx#JCL-P-3"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Origins of
SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science</strong></a>.
Zhengli Shi. April 2021 – Volume 1, Issue 1, p.3-4 doi:
10.1097/ID9.0000000000000008</p>
<p><em>Environmental Chemistry Letters</em>. <a
href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-021-01211-0"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Should we
discount the laboratory origin of COVID-19?</strong></a>
Rossana Segreto, Yuri Deigin, Kevin McCairn, Alejandro
Sousa, Dan Sirotkin, Karl Sirotkin, Jonathan J. Couey,
Adrian Jones & Daoyu Zhang. March 25, 2021.</p>
<p><em>Environmental Chemistry Letters</em>. <a
href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10311-020-01151-1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Tracing the
origins of SARS-COV-2 in coronavirus phylogenies: a
review</strong></a>. Erwan Sallard, José Halloy,
Didier Casane, Etienne Decroly and Jacques van Helden.
February 4, 2021. doi: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01151-1">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01151-1</a></p>
<p><i>The Lancet</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/fulltext"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Clinical
features of patients infected with 2019 novel
coronavirus in Wuhan, China</a></strong>. Chaolin
Huang et al. January 30, 2020. Volume 395: 497–506.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Nature. </i><strong><a
href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32015507/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">A
pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus
of probable bat origin</a>.</strong> Peng Zhou,
Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang, Ben Hu,…and Zheng-Li
Shi. February 3, 2020. 579(7798): 270-273.
doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7</p>
<p><i>Nature. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2951-z"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Addendum:
A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new
coronavirus of probable bat origin</a>.</strong>
Peng Zhou, Xing-Lou Yang, Xian-Guang Wang, Ben Hu,…and
Zheng-Li Shi. November 17, 2020. <a
class="moz-txt-link-freetext"
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2951-z</a></p>
<p><i>Nature Medicine</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The
proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2</a>.</strong> Kristian
G. Andersen, Andrew Rambaut, W. Ian Lipkin, Edward C.
Holmes, Robert F. Garry. April 2020. Volume 26, pages
450-455.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Journal of Medical Virology</i>. <strong><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jmv.26478"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Questions
concerning the proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2</a></strong>.
Murat Seyran, Damiano Pizzol, Parise Adadi…and Adam M.
Brufsky. September 3, 2020. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26478"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26478</a><span> </span></p>
<p><i>BioEssays. </i><strong><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.202000091"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Might
SARS‐CoV‐2 have arisen via serial passage through an
animal host or cell culture?</a></strong> Karl
Sirotkin and Dan Sirotkin. August 12, 2020. <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000091"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">
https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000091</a></p>
<p><i>Frontiers in Public Health.</i> <strong><a
href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2020.581569/full?&utm_source=Email_to_authors_&utm_medium=Email&utm_content=T1_11.5e1_author&utm_campaign=Email_publication&field=&journalName=Frontiers_in_Public_Health&id=581569"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lethal
pneumonia cases in Mojiang miners (2012) and the
mineshaft could provide important clues to the
origin of SARS-CoV-2</a>.</strong> Monali Rahalkar
and Rahul Bahulikar. September 17, 2020. doi:
10.3389/fpubh.2020.581569</p>
<p><span><em>BioEssays</em>. </span><a
href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.202000240"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>The
genetic structure of SARS‐CoV‐2 does not rule out a
laboratory origin</strong></a>. Rossana Segreto and
Yuri Deigin. November 17, 2020. <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000240">https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000240</a></p>
<p><i>bioRxiv. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.01.073262v1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SARS-CoV-2
is well adapted for humans. What does this mean for
re-emergence?</a></strong> Shing Hei Zhan, Benjamin
E. Deverman, Yujia Alina Chan. May 2, 2020. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.073262"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.01.073262</a><span> </span></p>
<p><em>Zenodo</em>. <strong><a
href="https://zenodo.org/record/4119263#.X5p7h5KSk2y">Where
Did the 2019 Coronavirus Pandemic Begin and How Did
it Spread? The People’s Liberation Army Hospital in
Wuhan China and Line 2 of the Wuhan Metro System Are
Compelling Answers</a></strong>. Steven Carl Quay.
October 28, 2020. doi: <small><a
href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4119262">10.5281/zenodo.4119262</a></small></p>
<p><em>Zenodo</em>. <strong><a
href="https://zenodo.org/record/4477081#"
target="_blank" rel="noopener">A Bayesian analysis
concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that SARS-CoV-2</a>
is not a natural zoonosis but instead is laboratory
derived</strong>. Dr. Steven Quay. January 29, 2021.</p>
<p><i>Minerva</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.minervanett.no/files/2020/07/13/TheEvidenceNoNaturalEvol.pdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The
evidence which suggests that this is no naturally
evolved virus: A reconstructed historical aetiology
of the SARS-CoV-2 spike</a></strong>. Birger
Sørensen, Angus Dalgleish & Andres Susrud. July 1,
2020.</p>
<p><i>ResearchGate</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340924249_Is_considering_a_genetic-manipulation_origin_for_SARS-CoV-2_a_conspiracy_theory_that_must_be_censored?enrichId=rgreq-2690fd897d30d7e5ad37ab0c187e9d5f-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzM0MDkyNDI0OTtBUzo4OTgzNjM5ODU3Njg0NTBAMTU5MTE5ODA3MzM5Mg%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Is
considering a genetic-manipulation origin for
SARS-CoV-2 a conspiracy theory that must be
censored?</a></strong> Rossana Segreto and Yuri
Deigin. April 2020. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.31358.13129/1</p>
<p><i>Preprints. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202006.0044/v1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Major
concerns on the identification of bat coronavirus
strain RaTG13 and quality of related Nature paper</a>.</strong>
Xiaoxu Lin, Shizhong Chen. June 5, 2020. 2020060044.
doi: 10.20944/preprints202006.0044.v1<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Preprints. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202008.0205/v1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">The
abnormal nature of the fecal swab sample used for
NGS analysis of RaTG13 genome sequence imposes a
question on the correctness of the RaTG13 sequence</a>.</strong>
Monali Rahalkar and Rahul Bahulikar. August 11, 2020.
doi: 10.20944/preprints202008.0205.v1<span> </span></p>
<p><i>OSF Preprints</i>. <strong><a
href="https://osf.io/d9e5g/" target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer">COVID-19, SARS and bats
coronaviruses genomes unexpected exogeneous RNA
sequences</a></strong>. Jean-Claude Perez and Luc
Montagnier. April 25, 2020. doi:10.31219/osf.io/d9e5g<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Zenodo</i>. <strong><a
href="https://zenodo.org/record/3975589"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HIV
man-manipulated coronavirus genome evolution trends</a></strong>.
Jean-Claude Perez and Luc Montagnier. August 2, 2020.<span> </span></p>
<p><i>Emerging Microbes & Infections</i>. <strong><a
href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2020.1727299"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">HIV-1 did
not contribute to the 2019-nCoV genome</a>.</strong>
Xiao Chuan, Li Xiaojun, Liu Shuying, Sang Yongming, Gao
Shou-Jiang and Gao Feng. 2020. 9(1): 378-381. doi:
10.1080/22221751.2020.1727299</p>
<p><em>Nature</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2169-0#citeas">Identifying
SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan
pangolins</a></strong>. Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam, Na Jia,
Ya-Wei Zhang, Marcus Ho-Hin Shum, Jia-Fu Jiang, Hua-Chen
Zhu, Yi-Gang Tong, Yong-Xia Shi, Xue-Bing Ni, Yun-Shi
Liao, Wen-Juan Li, Bao-Gui Jiang, Wei Wei, Ting-Ting
Yuan, Kui Zheng, Xiao-Ming Cui, Jie Li, Guang-Qian Pei,
Xin Qiang, William Yiu-Man Cheung, Lian-Feng Li,
Fang-Fang Sun, Si Qin, Ji-Cheng Huang, Gabriel M. Leung,
Edward C. Holmes, Yan-Ling Hu, Yi Guan & Wu-Chun
Cao. March 26, 2020. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0</a></p>
<p><em>PLoS Pathogens</em>. <strong><a
href="https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1008421">Are
pangolins the intermediate host of the 2019 novel
coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2)?</a></strong> Ping Liu,
Jing-Zhe Jiang, Xiu-Feng Wan, Yan Hua, Linmiao Li,
Jiabin Zhou, Xiaohu Wang, Fanghui Hou, Jing Chen,
Jiejian Zou, Jinping Chen. May 14, 2020. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008421">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1008421</a></p>
<p><em>Nature</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2313-x#citeas">Isolation
of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan
pangolins</a></strong>. Kangpeng Xiao, Junqiong
Zhai, Yaoyu Feng, Niu Zhou, Xu Zhang, Jie-Jian Zou, Na
Li, Yaqiong Guo, Xiaobing Li, Xuejuan Shen, Zhipeng
Zhang, Fanfan Shu, Wanyi Huang, Yu Li, Ziding Zhang,
Rui-Ai Chen, Ya-Jiang Wu, Shi-Ming Peng, Mian Huang,
Wei-Jun Xie, Qin-Hui Cai, Fang-Hui Hou, Wu Chen, Lihua
Xiao & Yongyi She. May 7, 2020. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x</a></p>
<p><i><em>Current Biology</em>. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(20)30360-2?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982220303602%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">Probable
Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the
COVID-19 Outbreak</a></strong>. Tao Zhang, Qunfu Wu,
Zhigang Zhang. March 19, 2020. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.03.022</a></p>
<p><i><em>bioRxiv</em>. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.07.07.184374v2.article-info">Single
source of pangolin CoVs with a near identical Spike
RBD to SARS-CoV-2</a></strong>. Yujia Alina Chan and
Shing Hei Zhan. October 23, 2020. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.07.184374">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.07.184374</a></p>
<p><i>Infection, Genetics and Evolution. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134820303245?via%3Dihub"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">COVID-19:
Time to exonerate the pangolin from the transmission
of SARS-CoV-2 to humans</a></strong>. Roger Frutos,
Jordi Serra-Cobo, Tianmu Chen and Christian A. Devaux.
Volume 84, October 2020, 104493. <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104493"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104493</a></p>
<p><i>bioRxiv. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.19.158717v1"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">No
evidence of coronaviruses or other potentially
zoonotic viruses in Sunda pangolins (Manis javanica)
entering the wildlife trade via Malaysia</a>.</strong>
Jimmy Lee, Tom Hughes, Mei-Ho Lee, Hume Field, Jeffrine
Japning Rovie-Ryan, Frankie Thomas Sitam, Symphorosa
Sipangkui, Senthilvel K.S.S. Nathan, Diana Ramirez,
Subbiah Vijay Kumar, Helen Lasimbang, Jonathan H.
Epstein, Peter Daszak. June 19, 2020. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.158717"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.19.158717</a></p>
<p><i>Cell. </i><strong><a
href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32220310/"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">A genomic
perspective on the origin and emergence of
SARS-CoV-2.</a></strong> Yong-Zhen Zhang, Edward C.
Holmes. April 2020 181(2):223-227. doi:
10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.035.</p>
<p><i>Current Biology. </i><strong><a
href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(20)30662-X"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">A novel
bat coronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV-2
contains natural insertions at the S1/S2 cleavage
site of the spike protein</a></strong><strong>.</strong>
Hong Zhou, Xing Chen, Tao Hu, Juan Li, Hao Song, Yanran
Liu, Peihan Wang, Di Liu, Jing Yang, Edward C. Holmes,
Alice C. Hughes, Yuhai Bi, and Weifeng Shi. June 8,
2020. 30: 2196-2203. doi: <a
href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023</a></p>
<p><em>aRxiv</em>. <a
href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.00627"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>The bat
coronavirus RmYN02 is characterized by a
6-nucleotide deletion at the S1/S2 junction, and its
claimed PAA insertion is highly doubtful</strong></a>.
Yuri Deigin and Rossana Segreto. December 1, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Zenodo</i>. <strong><a
href="https://zenodo.org/record/4028830"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Unusual
features of the SARS-CoV-2 genome suggesting
sophisticated laboratory modification rather than
natural evolution and delineation of its probable
synthetic route</a></strong>. Li-Meng Yan, Shu Kang,
Jie Guan, and Shanchang Hu. September 14, 2020. doi:
10.5281/zenodo.4028829 <span> </span></p>
<p><em>Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security</em>. <strong><a
href="https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/pubs_archive/pubs-pdfs/2020/200921-in-response-yan.pdf">In
Response: Yan et al Preprint Examinations of the
Origin of SARS-CoV-2</a></strong>. Kelsey Lane
Warmbrod, Rachel M. West, Nancy D. Connell and Gigi Kwik
Gronvall. September 21, 2020.</p>
<p><em>Zenodo. </em><a
href="https://zenodo.org/record/4063813#.X3yFAi9h3_9"><strong>Proposed
SARS-CoV-2 Spillover During 2019 Review of Samples
from a Mineshaft in Mojiang, Yunnan Province, China</strong></a>.
Anonymous. September 14, 2020. doi:
10.5281/zenodo.4029544</p>
<p><em>ResearchGate</em>. <a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349073738_An_investigation_into_the_WIV_databases_that_were_taken_offline"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>An
investigation into the WIV databases that were taken
offline.</strong></a> Billy Bostickson et al.
February 2021.</p>
<p><em>ResearchGate</em>. <a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350485858_Wuhan_Institute_of_Biological_Products_Co"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>Wuhan Institute
of Biological Products Co</strong></a>. Rodolphe de
Maistre, Gilles Demaneuf and Billy Bostickson. March
2021.</p>
<p><em>Zenodo</em>. <a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350409839_1_PROPOSED_FORENSIC_INVESTIGATION_OF_WUHAN_LABORATORIES"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong> 1. Proposed
Forensic Investigation of Wuhan Laboratories</strong></a>.
Billy Bostickson and Yvette Ghannam. March 2021. DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.4640383</p>
<p><em>ResearchGate</em>. <a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350515493_2_INVESTIGATION_OF_RaTG13_AND_THE_7896_CLADE"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>2.
Investigation of RaTG13 and the 7896 Clade</strong></a>.
Billy Bostickson and Yvette Ghannam. March 2021. DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.22382.33607</p>
<p><em>ResearchGate</em>. <a
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350887648_3_WUHAN_LABORATORIES_BAT_RESEARCH_AND_BIOSAFETY"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><strong>3. Wuhan
Laboratories, Bat Research and Biosafety</strong></a>.
Billy Bostickson and Yvette Ghannam. April 2021. DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.32006.29761</p>
<h2>Investigative blog articles on the origins of
SARS-CoV-2</h2>
<p><i>Medium</i>. <strong><a
href="https://medium.com/@yurideigin/lab-made-cov2-genealogy-through-the-lens-of-gain-of-function-research-f96dd7413748"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Lab-made?
SARS-CoV-2 genealogy through the lens of
gain-of-function research</a></strong>. Yuri Deigin.
April 22, 2020.</p>
<p><em>Medium</em>. <a
href="https://mygenomix.medium.com/fearsome-viruses-and-where-to-find-them-4e6b0ac6e602"
target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><strong>Fearsome
viruses and where to find them</strong></a>. Moreno
Colaiacovo. November 15, 2020.</p>
<p><i>Medium. </i><a
href="https://gillesdemaneuf.medium.com/early-cases-of-suspected-covid-19-in-wuhan-feb-20-data-collection-b7740ed1436f"
target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b>Rushed data
collection of suspected early Covid-19 cases in
Wuhan</b></a><b>. </b>Gilles Demaneuf. October 15,
2020.</p>
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