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<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>Democs,</DIV></DIV>
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<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>Het
zit’em in de lucht of ‘t is het stille jaargetij – maar zelfs antropologen zijn
weer es bezig met de (direct van racisme / etnocentrisme afgeleide) kwestie van
de huidskleur. Overigens, al sinds begin 20e eeuw (Frans Boas e.a.) zijn de
leidende menswetenschappers het eens over het feit dat er bij mensen slechts
sprake is van één ras. De genetische verschillen binnen de mensheid zijn te
gering, geografisch bepaald, om te spreken van meer rassen en
rasverschillen.</DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'> </DIV></DIV>
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<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>Kennelijk
bestaat er een universele behoefte zich te onderscheiden, bijv. op sociale
klasse (Pierre Bourdieu). De lager opgeleiden worden bijv. door de gegoede
klasse immer geassocieerd met defecte bekwaamheden. Dat de hoger opgeleiden ook
zo hun defecten hebben hoor je nooit, zoals het recente CBSfeit dat de
hogeren 83% van de gezondheidssekteaanhangers vormen.</DIV></DIV>
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<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV>
<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>Je
zou kunnen zeggen dat raspraatjes onderdeel vormen van ‘’grof onderscheid
daden”. Een helder overzicht van rastheorieën is het boek “The history of white
people” (2010) van Nell Irvin Painter, een oud-hoogleraar Princeton. O ja – dit
voor onze verschil-liefhebbers – ze heeft een donkere huidskleur. Ze stond ook
een jaar op de New York Times Bestsellerlijst. Als het niet meer te koop is,
staat het misschien ergens in een Amsterdamse bibliotheek.</DIV></DIV>
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<DIV
style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>hv,u</DIV></DIV>
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<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A
title=richard.wilsnack@MED.UND.EDU
href="mailto:richard.wilsnack@MED.UND.EDU">Wilsnack, Richard</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Saturday, February 10, 2018 10:03 PM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=ANTHRO-L@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU
href="mailto:ANTHRO-L@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU">ANTHRO-L@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU</A>
</DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> Re: [ANTHRO-L] How Europeans evolved white
skin</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
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style='FONT-SIZE: small; TEXT-DECORATION: none; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri"; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline'>
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<P class=MsoNormal><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal><B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"'>From:</SPAN></B><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Calibri","sans-serif"'> Anthro-L
[mailto:Anthro-l@listserv.buffalo.edu] <B>On Behalf Of </B>Andrew
Petto<BR><B>Sent:</B> Friday, February 09, 2018 10:11 PM<BR><B>To:</B>
ANTHRO-L@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU<BR><B>Subject:</B> Re: [ANTHRO-L] How Europeans
evolved white skin<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal><o:p></o:p> </P>
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<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in"><snip>
As Dale points out, humans are subject to the same sorts of geographic trends as
other mammals; Bergman's and Allen's rules, for example, and intensity of UV-B
blocking integumentary structures. But, we are also subject to the random,
accidental variations that pop up in populations. If we take malaria as an
example, we have 3 major changes to hemoglobin to make it more resistant to
digestion from plasmodium parasites. Why 3, and not one? Sure, part of it is
that the parasites themselves are different. But, we also know that G6PD is in
North Africa, and Hb-S is in the erstwhile "fertile crescent" and into the
Indian subcontinent. So, clearly these genes are shared by migrants or merchants
or soldiers, or whatever. BUT, they are 3 different strategies to solve the same
problem (and yes, I am lumping all the Thalassemias together for the sake of
argument). And in some places, the population has more than one of these
variants.<o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in">However,
there do not seem to be any hemoglobin variants for resistance to malaria in
indigenous populations of the New World (<A
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182497/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3182497/</A>).
<o:p></o:p></P></DIV>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in">So,
we could ask a similar question about the hemoglobin variants that confer
malaria resistance that we do for the pigmentation changes in European
populations...how can we explain why the responses in one geographic population
are different from those in another? Could be lots of reasons, and the selective
pressure of malaria is only one among them. <snip><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in"><o:p></o:p> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","sans-serif"'>Anj’s comment on multiple possible
genetic responses to similar environmental selection factors reminded me of the
research on lactose tolerance among the Maasai and some other groups in Africa,
a continent where such tolerance is not as common as in Europe (nor as uncommon
as in East Asia):<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","sans-serif"'>As summarized by Ann Gibbons, in
"There's More Than One Way to Have Your Milk and Drink It, Too,"
<U>Science</U> Vol. 314, Issue 5806 (15 December 2006), p.
1672:<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","sans-serif"'>“The adage that milk does a body good
may be true for American celebrities wearing milk mustaches in ad campaigns:
Many Americans and northern Europeans descend from cattle herders and carry an
ancient mutation that allows them to tolerate milk at any age. But milk gives
cramps and diarrhea to roughly half the world's adults, especially in Asia and
West Africa. That's why lactose tolerance has been held up as a classic example
of human evolution, in which some people inherited the trait to digest milk, and
some didn't. Now, an international team reports a revealing twist on this
evolutionary story. In this week's issue of Nature Genetics, researchers
describe three new genetic variants that arose independently in groups of
Africans; each variant allows carriers to drink milk and eat dairy products as
adults. The study shows that lactose tolerance evolved more than once in
response to culture, says team leader Sarah Tishkoff of the University of
Maryland, College Park. It's also an elegant example of how evolution can find
several solutions to the same problem, especially in the face of strong
selection, says molecular anthropologist Kenneth Weiss of Pennsylvania State
University in State College. ‘There is not just one way to tolerate milk but
several ways,’ he says. ‘It's very nice work because it shows that evolution
isn't just about picking one gene and driving it.’ ”<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","sans-serif"'>Richard W. Wilsnack
<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in"><SPAN
style='FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","sans-serif"'>richard.wilsnack@med.und.edu<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt; MARGIN-LEFT: 0.25in; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0in; mso-margin-top-alt: 0in"><o:p></o:p> </P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN-BOTTOM: 12pt"><SPAN
style='FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: "Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></SPAN> </P></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV></DIV>Subscription
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