<br><div><a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2011/06/sequence-yields-clues-to-germany.html"><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4" color="#000099"><b>DNA Sequence Yields Clues to Germany's 'Super Toxic' <i>E. coli</i> Outbreak</b></font></a></div>
<div><br></div><div>"</div><div>Just from the high number of deaths and severe cases, scientists and public
health experts battling Germany's massive <i>E. coli</i> outbreak knew they were
up against something unusual. Now, early results from sequencing projects of the
enterohemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EHEC) strain appear to confirm that a
never-before-seen hybrid, combining the worst of several bacterial strains, is
causing the havoc.</div>
<p>The Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), in Shenzhen, China—which <a href="http://www.genomics.cn/en/news_show.php?type=show&id=644">today
announced</a> that it has sequenced the microbe's entire 5.2-million-base-pair
genome—says that its acquisition of several virulence genes make this EHEC
strain "supertoxic." </p>
<p>The outbreak, which has caused mayhem in European trade relations, is still
growing; so far, more than 16 patients have died. The origin of the microbe
remains a riddle; cucumbers from Spain, originally <a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2011/05/cucumbers-may-be-culprit-in-mass.html?ref=hp">fingered
as the potential source</a>, were acquitted on Tuesday and have not been
replaced by other suspects. All researchers know is that raw vegetables are the
most likely carrier. </p>
<p>Scientific results announced in two press releases today—both also intended
to tout the extraordinary speed of today's sequencing technology—suggest that
within the microbe's DNA lie clues to its aggressive nature. </p>
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<p>The second came from Life Technologies Corporation, which manufactures
so-called third-generation sequencing machines. Today, the company <a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/news-gallery/press-releases/2011/dna-sequencing-data-reveals-new-hybrid-e.html">announced</a>
that sequencing at its lab in Darmstadt, Germany, in collaboration with the
nearby University of Münster, "strongly suggests that the bacterium … is a new
hybrid type of pathogenic <i>E. coli</i> strains." Spokespeople for the company
in the United States and Germany could not provide details today. "Further
analyses on Ion PGMT"—the company's flagship sequencing machine—"will confirm
[the] data," the press release promised. </p>
<p>BGI, meanwhile, says that the microbe's genome—which it says took just 3 days
to sequence, also using Life Technologies equipment—reveals that it shares 93%
of its sequence with EAEC 55989 <i>E. coli</i>, a strain isolated in the Central
African Republic and known to cause serious diarrhea. It appears to have
acquired several genes that make it more pathogenic, however, probably in a
process called horizontal gene transfer, by which microbes exchange bits of
genetic information. </p>
<p>In an e-mail to <i>Science</i>Insider, Yang Bicheng, director of BGI's
marketing department, wrote that one gene fragment appears to have come from
another food-borne pathogen, <i>Salmonella enterica</i>, while other genes are
highly homologous to those found in other, phylogenetically distinct <i>E.
coli</i> strains, including a strain called O25:H4-ST131. </p>
<p>BGI, which has made the sequence <a href="http://www.genomics.cn/en/news_show.php?type=show&id=644">available</a>
for researchers to download, says the analysis also confirmed that the microbe
is resistant to many antibiotics. These include aminoglycoside, the macrolides,
and the beta-lactams—"all of which makes antibiotic treatment extremely
difficult," according to the press release. However, German EHEC patients aren't
treated with antibiotics; most scientists believe they make matters worse,
because killing EHEC results in the release of more toxin. </p>
<p>Yang acknowledged that finding the resistance genes may not be clinically
relevant, but says they may help understand how the strain arose. "The
evolutionary process … of this very strange hybrid strain may be a very
interesting scientific story," Yang wrote in his e-mail. </p>
<p>Microbial genomicist Frederick Blattner of the University of Wisconsin,
Madison—who worked for almost 15 years to <a href="http://www.genome.wisc.edu/aboutus.htm">sequence the first <i>E. coli</i>
strain</a> and finished in 1997—says the results have to be considered
preliminary; it's not clear whether BGI assembled the entire genome from its
sequenced pieces, he notes, and usually in such efforts, a number of stretches
need to be resequenced. Still, "they did this at an amazing speed, and it looks
like they found some very intriguing information," Blattner says</p><p>"</p><p>... (is) het begin van het failliet van de EU?</p><p>Voor nu al - 27 - EU-burgers komt alle hulp te laat. Voedsel veiligheid blijkt schijn, en kan zelfs niet voorkomen dat handel in onbesmette producten geen doorgang kan vinden, en uitgerekend Nederland - een van de oprichters van de EU - zoekt de oplossing buiten de EU om.</p>
<p>Henk Elegeert</p><p><br></p><p><br></p></div>