[D66] anthroencyclopedia.com

Wed Jul 29 11:15:08 CEST 2020

On 29-07-2020 11:14, R.O. wrote:
> https://www.anthroencyclopedia.com/entry/hunting-and-gathering
>
> Thomas Widlok
> University of Cologne
> Initially published 18 May 2020
> http://doi.org/10.29164/20hunt
>
> Abstract
>
> Hunting and gathering constitute the oldest human mode of making a 
> living, and the only one for which there is an uninterrupted record 
> from human origins to the present. Correspondingly, there has been a 
> lot of anthropological attention devoted to hunting and gathering with 
> an initial confidence that one could directly observe human nature by 
> studying hunter-gatherers. More recently, however, anthropologists 
> have grown cautious not to draw analogies between present-day 
> hunter-gatherers and those of the distant past too quickly. They also 
> do not focus on hunting and gathering as isolated activities, but 
> rather on the socio-cultural formations that have been found to be 
> associated with them. Despite considerable regional diversity, there 
> are recurrent themes in hunter-gatherer ethnography that show shared 
> patterns beyond the ecology of foraging. Prominent is the notion of 
> hunter-gatherers being ‘originally affluent’ with a relatively low 
> workload. Hunter-gatherers have also been associated with a high 
> incidence of gender and age equality, due to levelling practices such 
> as sharing. Most hunter-gatherers live in very small groups, 
> characterised by multirelational kinship ties. They often have 
> distinct forms of environmental perception, and it has been suggested 
> that they display a high degree of playfulness in ritual affairs. They 
> therefore provide comparative insights in a wide-range of domains far 
> beyond the activities of hunting and gathering.
>
>
> References
>
> Altman, J. C. 1987. Hunter-gatherers today: an Aboriginal economy in 
> north Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
>
> Bird, D., R. Bird, B. Codding & D. Zeanah 2019. Variability in the 
> organization and size of hunter gatherer groups: foragers do not live 
> in small-scale societies. Journal of Human Evolution 131, 96-108.
>
> Bird-David, N. 1990. The giving environment: another perspective on 
> the economic system of gatherer-hunters. Current Anthropology 31(2), 
> 189-96.
>
> ––––––– 2017. Before nation: scale-blind anthropology and foragers’ 
> worlds of relatives. Current Anthropology 58(2), 209-26.
>
> Boehm, C., 1993. Egalitarian behavior and reverse dominance hierarchy. 
> Current Anthropology 34(3), 227-54.
>
> Breyer, T. & T. Widlok (eds) 2018. The situationality of human-animal 
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> Transcript-Verlag.
>
> Brightman, R. 1993. Grateful prey: Rock Cree human-animal 
> relationships. Berkeley: University of California Press.
>
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>
> Candea, M. 2019. Comparison in anthropology: the impossible method. 
> Cambridge: University Press.
>
> Dahlberg, F. (ed.) 1981. Woman the gatherer. New Haven: Yale 
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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>
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> business” in Aboriginal religion. Oceania 62(2), 114-36.
>
> ––––––– 1999. Living on Mangetti: ‘Bushman’ autonomy and Namibian 
> independence. Oxford: University Press.
>
> ––––––– 2015. Moving between camps. Hunter Gatherer Research 1(4), 
> 473-94.
>
> ––––––– 2016. Hunter-gatherer situations. Hunter Gatherer Research 
> 2(2), 127-43.
>
> ––––––– 2017. Anthropology and the economy of sharing. London: Routledge.
>
> ––––––– & W. Tadesse (eds) 2005. Property and equality, volume 1: 
> ritualisation, sharing, egalitarianism. New York: Berghahn.
>
> Willerslev, R. 2007. Soul hunters: hunting, animism, and personhood 
> among the Siberian Yukaghirs. Berkeley: University of California Press.
>
> Woodburn, J. 1998. Egalitarian societies. In Limited wants, unlimited 
> means: a reader on hunter-gatherer economics and the environment (ed.) 
> J. Gowdy, 87-110. Washington, DC: Island Press.
>
> ––––––– 2005. Egalitarian societies revisited. In Property and 
> equality, volume 1: ritualisation, sharing, egalitarianism (eds) T. 
> Widlok & W. Tadesse, 18-31. New York: Berghahn.
> Note on contributor
>
> Thomas Widlok is Professor for Cultural Anthropology of Africa at the 
> University of Cologne. He received his PhD from the London School of 
> Economics and is author of Living on Mangetti (1999, Oxford University 
> Press) and of Anthropology and the economy of sharing (2017, 
> Routledge). He has co-edited Property and equality (2005, Berghahn) 
> and The situationality of human-animal relations (2019, 
> Transcript-Verlag).
>
> Prof. Dr. Thomas Widlok, African Studies, University of Cologne, 
> Albertus-Magnus-Platz, 50923 Köln, Germany. thomas.widlok at uni-koeln.de
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