Choice of words matters

[Henk Elegeert]

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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3661976.stm

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  Choice of words matters

By Paul Reynolds
BBC News Online world affairs correspondent

The use of a single word in diplomacy can often mark a
significant moment and the UN Secretary General Kofi Annan's
use of the word "illegal" about the war in Iraq is one such
moment.

He has carefully avoided the word before.

His previous phrasing was to say that the war was "not in
conformity with the UN Charter".

This was a typical diplomatic phrase designed to get over
the meaning, but to avoid directness. It was not exactly a
ringing phrase and Mr Annan was content with that.

Now, in a BBC interview, he has been pressed into using the
word "illegal" and that is the word which will now be used
everywhere to describe his position.

He has not changed his position. But his language has
changed and that counts.

It is worth noting that he still hedged the word round with
references to the UN Charter, but that will be largely ignored.

Diplomacy does not often like directness. Mr Annan is a
diplomatic sort of diplomat.


The BBC's Owen Bennett-Jones cleverly forced Mr Annan's
hand, just as a good lawyer will do to a witness in court.
This is the exchange:

BBC: "So you don't think there was legal authority for the war."

Mr Annan: "I have made it clear, I have stated clearly, that
it was not in conformity with the UN Charter."

BBC: "It was illegal."

Mr Annan: "Yes, if you wish."

BBC: "It was illegal."

Mr Annan: "Yes, I've indicated that it was not in conformity
with the UN Charter. From our point of view, from the
charter point of view, it was illegal."

The actual word was wrested from him as the final thing he said.

He probably did not intend to say it, but found that he
could not avoid it.

Illegal

So why does he think it illegal?

In the interview, he remarked that Resolution 1441, passed
on 8 November 2002, warned Iraq that there would be "serious
consequences" if it did not comply with UN demands over its
suspected weapons programmes.

Mr Annan said it should have been left to the UN Security
Council, in a second resolution, to determine what those
consequences were.

The United States and Britain argued they were carrying out
the wishes of the Security Council and that their authority
was based not just on Resolution 1441, but on previous UN
resolutions.

The British Attorney General, Lord Goldsmith, issued a
public statement of his outline argument, though he did not
publish, or even give the members of the cabinet, his
detailed reasoning.

He said the original Resolution 678 from 1990, which allowed
for "all necessary means" to end Iraq's occupation of Kuwait
and "restore international peace and security" in the
region, still applied.

It had been, he said, "revived" by Resolution 687 from 1991,
which demanded that Iraq disarm. Since Resolution 1441
stated that Iraq was in breach of Resolution 687, the
attorney general argued, there was authority to use force.

For opponents of the Iraq war, the use of the word "illegal"
will confirm their arguments in a satisfactory way.

Supporters, including those who might not be wholly
convinced by Lord Goldsmith's argument, might rely on the
so-called Kosovo defence.

The war by Nato against Serbia over Kosovo in 1999 was not
authorised by the UN either, but was viewed by its
proponents as a legitimate intervention to protect civilians.

Words matter

US Secretary of State Colin Powell used the word "genocide"
last week to describe what has been going on in Darfur. A
finding of genocide requires action under the UN Genocide
Convention of 1948.

The absence of words also matters.

Resolution 242 after the 1967 war in the Middle East
famously requires the "withdrawal of Israeli armed forces
from territories occupied in the recent conflict".

There is no "the" in front of "territories" and its absence
has meant Israel can claim to be in compliance as it has
withdrawn from some of the territories.

Incidentally the French version says "des territoires" which
does mean "from the territories" but this text is usually
forgotten.

...
"

"
I've indicated that [the Iraq war] was not in conformity
with the UN Charter. From our point of view, from the
charter point of view, it was illegal
Kofi Annan
UN Secretary General
"

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